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New
book: Everything
at stake - safeguarding interests in a world without frontiers ![]() Six per cent of SAK rank and file have experience of moonlighting Helsinki (21.09.2001 -
Juhani Artto) One of the outcomes of a recent SAK survey was that six per
cent of SAK rank and file union members have been involved in
moonlighting. For an organisation representing more than a million workers
this means about 60,000 people. However there was no public outcry in
Finland when this figure came to light. Everybody in Finland
knows that working life is not free of shadowy arrangements whereby
employer and workers evade taxes, social security contributions and other
work-related expenses. Control mechanisms, however, are so strict that
only a small part of this grey economy is in any way systematic. Typically the grey
economy arises in individual services where the buyer of the service is
happy to enjoy it at a discount price. This kind of tax and social
security evasion is closely associated with Finland’s high level of
taxation and mandatory social security contributions. This factor even
tempts citizens who generally take a dim view of the grey economy to
occasionally have recourse to it, either in the role of client or vendor. According to the SAK
survey, only one seventh of the SAK rank and file are favourably disposed
to moonlighting as such. A further sign of high moral standards typical of
Finnish working life is the proportion of those who have been offered grey
work. Out of the million plus rank and file union members, about 100,000
have been in this position. In most cases it may have been small
entrepreneurs who made the offer. Their motivation may partly be a matter
of sheer profiteering or of escaping from a dire financial situation. Immigrant workers, who
are commonly more dependent on their employers than other workers, are
often more likely to be offered work under the counter. A typical
situation arises on fruit farms. During the short berry-picking season
there is a sharp rise in the demand for labour, but few Finns are
attracted by the low pay and heavy work involved. For many Russians and
Estonians, on the other hand, berry picking in Finland is a more
attractive proposition, as the pay often exceeds alternative income
sources at home. The berry farmers see this as an opportunity to increase
profits by cutting labour costs. Although a few
newspapers this summer speculated on the subject of the grey economy in
berry picking, no serious efforts were made to expose the true facts of
the situation. This may change in future, as the SAK survey shows that a
large majority of its rank and file are concerned about potential pressure
to cut wages created by illegal foreign labour. Earlier this year the
Construction Workers Union magazine Rakentaja sent a reporter on surprise
visits to small construction sites. The subsequent story in the magazine
exposed several examples of illegal employment in which the entrepreneurs
were clearly responsible their more-or-less willing victims were mainly
migrant workers from Estonia. Easier international
travel and the increasing volume of immigrant labour in Finland means that
the problem of the grey economy is becoming a steadily growing challenge
for the Finnish trade union movement. In its June Congress SAK focused on
this problem more clearly than ever. The goal is to integrate migrant
workers into the unions so that these foreigners are not left to the
mercies of unscrupulous fly-by-night employers. For the union movement
this is the safest way to ensure implementation of the minimum standards
set out in collective agreements. The union for the
hotel and catering sector (which merged last November with the commercial
workers' and two smaller unions to form Service Unions United – PAM) has
fought for several years against the grey economy centring on small pubs
and cafeterias. The Finnish working
life and business community is, on the whole, one of the world’s most
law-abiding. The latest report by Transparency International - the leading
global anti-corruption watchdog - ranked Finland as number one: the
world’s least corrupt economy. The authorities
estimate that the grey economy in Finland is worth some FIM 30 billion
(EUR 5 billion) annually. This is FIM 10 billion (EUR 1.7 billion) more
than the estimate of a few years ago. Compared with Finland’s GNP of
about FIM 800 billion (EUR 133 billion) in 2001, the grey economy remains
very small by international standards. Daryl Taylor*
adds: 15 years ago the
language teachers’ section of the Finnish Union of Technical and Special
Trades noted the special vulnerability of migrant workers to irregular
employment arrangements. As leader of this section from 1988 to 1995 and
thereafter I consistently argued that the most natural way to tackle this
issue is through grassroots trade union work: defending the interests of
the weaker party through organisation and networking. There is no weaker
party than a newly-arrived or transient migrant worker, and so the first
step in improving conditions generally must be to recruit migrant workers
into union membership and to build solidarity between them and the trade
union movement. In the late 1980s we showed that effective networking of
even a few well-informed foreign workers rapidly improves the entire
migrant labour market. It gives us cause for some satisfaction that the
wisdom and benefits of our inclusive approach to this issue have now been
recognised at the highest level of the union movement in Finland.
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