SUSTAINABLE FINLAND

Introduction

The Sustainable Europe campaign of the Friends of the Earth is most welcome intervention in defining sustainability in concrete terms. The quantified approach of the environmental space context shows how far the European societies are from sustainability. At the same time the message of the campaign is assuring: sustainability can be reached in several generations if that is put as the primary goal of the society. Finnish NGOs joined the Sustainable Europe campaign in the end of the first phase in 1994. Lead by Coalition for Environment and Development and the Union of Alternative Trade Societies Finnish NGOs started to work on a national action plan for reaching the sustainability targets. One small roundtable and one major seminar were held in 1995 where the concept and main approaches were presented for a wider audience. Representatives attended two European meetings in Brussels and one regional meeting in Tallin. In end of 1995 the study is well under way and is expected to appear in mid 1996.

In this report the figures for the main indicators are presented and approaches to reach the sustainability targets are discussed. The campaign handbook and the common frame work proposal have been used whenever possible and applicable. Water has not been studied in the Sustainable Finland project due to lack of time and interest; the resource is abundant in Finland.

The Finnish groups gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Trade and Industries. University of Tampere and Abo Akademi Fortbildingsentral have given time of internships to work on the project.

Executive Summary

Of the various sectors the forest industries are putting the most pressure on the environmental space. They are causing the biodiversity crises and they consume more electricity than all other industries together. The trend in 1990's has been most negative one and still continue so.

The most important measure from the government to attain sustainability is to implement ecological tax reform where resource use and pollution will be taxed heavily and labour related costs are reduced especially from the poor and from the services. First steps in this direction have been taken but the old industries and their allies are protesting.

Summarizing table

NATIONAL USE OF RESOURCES IN 1990, REDUCTION TARGETS FOR 2010
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SPACE

In Finland per capita per year


Indicator          1990   Target    Change  Environmental  Change
                           2010     needed      space      needed

CO2-emissions (t)   11      5,4     - 51 %        1,7      - 85 %

Primary energy 
use (GJ)            256     175     - 31 %        100      - 61 %

 - fossil fuels     139      78     - 44 %         24      - 83 %
   and peat
   * oil             83      36     - 57 %         12      - 86 %
   * coal            27       6     - 78 %          2      - 93 %
   * natural gas     18      30     + 63 %         10      - 45 %
   * peat            11       6     - 46 %          0     - 100 %

 - nuclear power     37      18     - 51 %          0     - 100 %

 - renewables        58      71     + 23 %         72      + 25 %
   * hydro power     22      26     + 19 %         26      + 19 %
   * pulp liquors    17      18      + 5 %         11      - 36 %
   * wood            14      22     + 54 %         29     + 106 %
   * other           4,9     5,4    + 11 %         6,4     + 32 %

 - electricity 
   import (net)      22        8     - 63 %           4    - 82 %

Non-renewable raw materials (kg)
 - cement           380      305      - 19 %       80      - 79 %
 - pig iron         460      354      - 23 %       36      - 92 %
 - aluminium         10      7,8      - 22 %       1,2     - 88 %
 - chlorine          30     22,5      - 25 %       0      - 100 %

Wood (m3)           2,33    2,00      - 14 %      0,56     - 76 %
 * paper products   0,56    0,25      - 55 %
 * sawn wood        0,77    0,75      -  3 %
 * fuelwood         1,00    1,00      +  0 %

PART I Environmental Space

1. National use of environmental space

Finland has been experiencing a serious economic recession in the 1990's. Because of the overheating of the economy in the late 1980's, the collapse of trade with the Soviet Union and slight recession in EU Finnish economy and society went into deep crises in the early 1990's. Unemployment rouse from couple of per cent to 20 and public debt from little to more than 60 % of the GNP.

From the perspective of the use of environmental space the recession was a positive change in trends. In 1992 primary energy consumption declined and CO2 emissions decreased. Use of cement has been reduced significantly since 1991 because number of houses built annual has halved.

Since 1993 the economy has started to grow again and the use of many resources has increased. Most dramatic was the increase in the use of coal which rose by 25 % between 1993 and 1994. Logging and production in forest industries has reached highest volumes ever.

In the first half of 1995 primary energy consumption decreased although GNP grow by some 4 %. This could be a remarkable shift into a post-industrial society where economic growth would be delinked from resource use. Whether this phenomena is permanent remains to be seen.

1.1. Energy

Use

Per capita energy consumption is very high in Finland. This is due to the numerous energy intensive industries, namely paper production. Also the cold climate and long distances are factors but their importance has been reduced over time by high insulation standards and good network of public transport.

In comparison to the other European OECD countries Finnish electricity use is more than twice the average and primary energy use almost double the average.

Table: Finland's energy use as compared to OECD Europe 1992

                                     Finland      OECD Europe

Primary energy use                   5 558        3 279                   
(toe/capita)

Electricity use                      12 520       5 369
(kWh/capita)

Table: Energy use per sector (1000 toe)

                         1990        1993

Industry                 13 986      13 680
Transportation            4 310       4 060
Space heating             6 401       6 723
Other                     5 862       5 891

Finland's energy supply is diversified and based largely on exported inputs. Only one third of primary energy is from domestic sources. On the other hand, the share of bioenergy (1/6) is among highest in Europe.

Primary energy use by source in Finland in 1990
                    
                 PJ         %   
                                      
Oil             413        32 
Coal            134        10 
Natural gas      92         7 
Peat             56         4 
Nuclear power   184        14 
Hydro power     109         9 
Bioenergy       173        14 
Electricity imp.109         9 
Other             8         1 
                                      
  TOTAL        1278       100 

The environmental impact of the high energy consumption is significant. The CO2 emissions per capita are among the highest in Europe. Also the emissions of other particles related to the use of fossil fuels are high.

Table: Industrial CO2 emissions in the 1990's


                         1990   1992 1993   1994   1995 E

Total (million t)        55,8   54,0   53,9   59,3    55
Per Capita (t)           11,1   10,8   10,8   11,9    11

Only one major river has been left intact from hydro power construction, the Swedish border river Tornio. Some bigger tributaries are still running free but otherwise all rivers are used for energy generation. This has effected the fisheries dramatically and made the salmon almost extinct.

Extensive use of peat is causing major changes in the peat ecology and polluting the waters down stream. The greenhouse gas impact of draining the peat lands is not well known but it can be very adverse.

The adverse impacts of the drilling and mining of fossil fuels take place outside Finland and are well known. Most of the coal comes from Poland, oil originates from Norway, United Kingdom and Russia and all natural gas comes from Russia. Electricity is imported from Russia where the environmental standards are alarmingly low and from Sweden. Nuclear fuel comes from Germany, Sweden and Russia.

1.2. Non-renewable materials

In Finland there are only three major metal mines: Hitura (Ni, Cu), Pyhäsalmi (Cu, Zn, S) and Kemi (Cr). Gold is mined in small quantities in several places in Lappland, including Lemmenjoki national park. There are mines also for industrial minerals.

There has been a remarkable reduction in the use of chlorine during the 1990's. This is due to the active campaigning of the environmentalists against the use of chlorine in bleaching pulp and paper. Finnish forest companies have reacted fast to the consumer demand and shifted to chlorine free bleaching.

Table: The use of chlorine in forest industries in Finland

            1990   1991   1992   1993   1994

million kg  110     80     40     20     15

The use of aluminium and pig iron has been increasing in the 1990's. The domestic use has been stable or decreasing but use for export goods has increased. With the devaluation of Finnish markka in 1993 the metal industries picked up many export orders. Pulp and paper machinery, ships and electrical appliances have been exported in record volumes.

1.3. Land use

The land area of Finland is vast and the number of people small. Therefore the per capita figures for Finns are well above the European average.

Land use in Finland in 1990
                                        km2     ha/cap    
                                      
Agricultural land                     28160      5,63 
  Arable land                         25440      5,09 
  Permanent crops                         0      0,00 
  Permanent medows                     1220      0,24 
  All other                            1500      0,30 
Unprotected area                     225592     45,12 
Protected area                         8073      1,61 
Built-up area                          9390      1,88 
Other area                            30470      6,09 
Inland waters                         33552      6,71 
                                      
Total area                           335237     67,05 

Figure: Protected areas in Finland according to the vegetation belts (not yet available in th web version, sorry)

1.4. Wood

The use of wood is very high in Finland. This is due to the availability of the resource since forests are a predominant feature of the country's landscape.

It is good to break down the use of wood into three categories: paper and paperboard, sawn woods and panels, and energy. This way it can be discussed which use can be justified most and which should be reduced if the environmental space is exceeded.

Most of the paper is used for communication (newsprint and printing paper) and for packaging. In both there is a lot of unnecessary and wasteful use such as junk mail, advertisement, multiple packaging et.c. There was a reduction in the use of paper in 1991-1992 but since then the consumption has again increased.

Table: Use of paper and paperboard in Finland in the 1990's

                         1990   1991   1992   1993   1994

Total (1000 t)           1028   970    937    995    1104

Per capita (kg)          206    194    186    196     217

Recovery of 
waste paper (%)          51,6   54,8   57,4   55,3    51,5

In energy use only the use of fuelwood (fire wood, chips) is calculated for the use of environmental space in Finland. The burning of wood residues from saw mills or pulp plants is to be calculated as part of the paper and sawn wood consumption since the energy is a side product of the processing. This use amounts to some 20 million m3 annually or 4 m3 per capita. Moreover, within the use of fuelwood part of the amount could be considered residual since much of it is side product of forest thinning.

The use of wood for energy replaces fossil fuels and other non- renewable resources and is therefore sustainable. Finns are claiming double the continental environmental space and in Finland it is not a feasible political strategy to suggest for reduction of wood use to 0,56 m3. In 1994 some 7 million m3 of wood was imported from Russia and therefore the calculation of the environmental space for Europe would appear natural to include Russia.

1.5. Important international dependencies

The most important international dependency between Finland and the rest of the Europe is the export of forest products. Some 90 % of the paper and 70 % of the sawn wood that is produced in Finland is exported. The main consumer countries are Germany, United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands.

The forest industries are causing a lot of environmental problems and they keep Finland far away from the sustainability targets. Forest management has been directed to maximize the supply of wood for forest industries and this has lead to crises of biodiversity. Some 700 of the 1 700 threatened species live in forests. The energy intensive ways of mechanic pulping and paper making cause much of Finland's CO2 emissions and dependency on nuclear energy.

On consumer side Finns are using many manufactured products like cars and kitchen appliances that are produced elsewhere. Finns are also a net source of tourist flows to southern Europe and elsewhere and are causing a burden there.

2. Sectoral use of environmental space

Agriculture generates little to the GNP and employment but is certainly significant because nutrition is a basic need for people. The environmental problems related to agriculture are significant but can be reduced by a shift to organic farming.

Energy supply is the main source for CO2 emissions and problems related to nuclear energy. It uses only little domestic resources and has only very little labour.

Transport sector is growing fast with the integration of western European economies. Its contribution to GNP and employment are modest but to environmental problems significant.

A single industry raises above others as the over-user of environmental space: the forest industries. They cause problems at the each phase of the life-cycle from the forest to the land fill where too much of the paper and wood ends. Since the forest industry can be also arranged in a sustainable way it is not necessarily a great looser in the transformation. Volumes must be reduced while employment can increase. Forest industries are the main source of export earnings of Finnish national economy.

Metal industries are growing fast and making an increasing contribution to the economy. They consume much non-renewable resources.

Construction sector uses much non-renewable resources and generates more demand for energy. Therefore it has to shift from building new to repairing old. This would reduce resource use and generate employment.

Services are the fastest growing sector but consume only little natural resources. Within it tourism is not very significant.

PART II Sustainable Production and Consumption in Finland

3. Possibilities for development towards sustainability

Ecological tax reform is the most important single tool for the government to guide the society into sustainable paths. The core of it is to shift the focus of public revenue collection from labour to environment. More taxes should be levied on pollution and extraction on natural resources and less on labour.

In Finland the first initial steps have been taken to tax pollution and overuse of nature. In 1996 budget some 10 % of the government revenue came from a source with environmental steering impact. However, only a small number of these taxes and fees have been established primarily for environmental concerns.

Table: Environment related taxes and fees in the Finnish budget, MECU

                                      1995         1996

Beer can tax                            16           16
Soft drink can tax                       3            3
Pesticide fee                            1            1
Energy taxes                         2 273        2 463
Waste oil fee                            4            4
Car purchase tax                       551          654
Oil protection fee                       5            5
Car use fee                            187          189
Diesel tax                             162          156
National waste fee                       -           55

TOTAL                                3 203        3 548

3.1. Energy

The Sustainable Finland energy scenario is based on the following assumptions:

• annual CO2 emissions to be reduced to 1,7 t/cap
  
• phase out of nuclear power
  
• limitation of annual cuttings of wood to 40 million m3 of which 25 for energy
• no new hydro power stations

• integrated resource planning/least cost planning
• increase in energy/CO2 tax
• new investments in combined heat and power generation
• new investments in gasification of biomass
• new investments in wind power and solar energy
• new investments in efficiency in industries and households
• reduction in motor traffic

For developing a sustainable energy system it will be absolutely necessary that the whole system is planned with environmental and social targets in mind. At the moment the guiding principle is low price and limitless supply for the industrial needs. Environmental impacts or job creation are considered only peripherally, if at all. The Sustainable Finland energy scenario is the first time that integrated resource planning is used in energy field.

Finland introduced tax on energy and CO2 emissions among the first countries in Europe in 1991. Since then the system has been modified couple of times. In present form it is probably the most advantaged system used in the whole of Europe.

The energy taxation system was reformed in 1994 so that all primary energy sources are taxed depending on their energy content. All fuels, hydropower and electricity imports were assigned a basic energy tax. Besides the fossil fuels were assigned a CO2 tax. Wood, wind and waste are exempted from the energy tax. The liquid fuels have a basic tax originating from years back. In 1994 a new basic tax was introduced for nuclear power and electricity imports. In 1995 the CO2 tax is ECU 6,96/t and energy tax ECU 0,64/Mwh.

Table: The revenue from the energy taxation in 1995, MECU

                         Basic        Environmental           Total
                                     CO2          Energy      

Gasoline                 1 273        45           14         1 333
Diesel oil                 545        35           11           590
Light fuel oil              18        55           18            90
Heavy fuel oil               9        25            7            40
Coal                         -       109           29           138
Natural gas                  -        22           11            33
Peat                         -         -           11            11
Nuclear                     49         -           29            78
Hydro power                  -         -            9             9
Electricity import          25         -           15            40

TOTAL                    1 918       290          155         2 364

It is difficult to find justification to the resistance of the forest industries to the environmental energy tax. In Finland the price of electricity for industry is among the cheapest in Europe (ECU 0,036/Kwh) and energy makes only 8 % of the forest industries' production costs. The campaign of the industries against the eco-tax is an alarming sign of negligence about the environment and employment.

In December 1995 the government made a policy decision on energy issues. In it there are contradictory statements about energy taxation. On the one hand the government plans to move electricity taxation from fuels to end use, on the other it wishes to consider bioenergy as employment generator and to maintain environmental steering of the taxes. The changes will be done during 1996.

The Sustainable Finland project considers it very important that the energy taxation is concentrated in the fuels and production. Only this way there can be a strong steering impact. The levels set in the EU energy tax directive proposal are good targets for 2000 given that no refund or exemption schemes are included. After year 2000 the level can still be raised to double.

Since the price of energy quite directly affects the international competitiveness of industries it is necessary that a large number of countries adopt energy tax simultaneously. A further complication is the diversity of national energy structures. For example Norway, Sweden and Finland all have very different set of energy supply. Anyhow, a harmonized approach by a maximum number of countries can bring most lasting benefits.

Combined heat and power generation is widely used in Finland. However, there is still much scope for improvement. There are still many cities that produce district heat without co-generation of electricity. These towns should invest in electricity generation and all cities should expand the district heating networks. The government can support this by providing low-interest financing.

Most preferred technology for the co-generation is gasification of biomass. With the newly developed gasification technology the power plants can produce twice as much electricity compared to the heat load than conventional plants with solid fuels. The use of wood for the fuel is the only sustainable alternative for all the towns that do not have access to natural gas.

Investments in wind power and solar energy are absolutely necessary for sustainable energy future. The potential of wind energy is some 6 TWh and solar panels some 3 TWh. Besides a substantial amount of solar heat can be collected for warm water and space heating in the sunny half of the year. Legislative changes on the lines of Germany and Denmark where power utilities would have to by the electricity produced by wind and photovoltage would speed up the investments.

Efficiency improvements in industries and households are among the first and easiest tasks to reduce CO2 emissions and dependency on nuclear energy. The main incentive for investments in energy efficiency comes from the increased prices of energy due to the taxation. Besides advice and normative regulations and standards can force industries and households to stop wasting energy.

Energy use in transport is 16 % of the primary energy use and 23 % of CO2 emissions. The volume of motor traffic has been stable due to every year increased taxes on motor fuels. Also the improved efficiency has contributed to the staple level of fuel consumption.

For sustainable level there is a need for 80 % reduction in the use of motor oils. Half of this can be achieved through reduced traffic and half by improved efficiency. This is contrary to the official plans where motor transport is expected to grow by 40 % by year 2020. Key measure for reducing transport is town planning. By locating houses, jobs and services in same areas the need to travel can be dramatically reduced. Most of the commuting can be done by rail and bicycles when the infrastructure is developed for that purpose.

There is also need for financial instruments to be used by the government. Further increases in the fuel taxes are necessary. Reduction in the tax reliefs for transport costs encourages people to settle close to their work places. Reduced purchase taxes for energy efficient automobiles can lead to better auto fleet.

3.2. Non-renewables

The Sustainable Finland project approaches the use of non-renewable materials from two angles: goods and construction.

The target with goods is to achieve efficient use of materials combined with sustainable level of consumption. This kind of aim is already expressed in the new waste law.

There are several ways to promote efficient use of resources. First, the life cycle of the products should be prolonged by making them more durable and repairable. Second, the products should be used more intensively by sharing them and by making machines with multiple uses. Third, replacing goods by services and quality design whenever it is possible, because in most cases it is not the thing people need but the benefit it brings, and it can be brought by less materials. Fourth, toxic wastes should be avoided at all phases by replacing them with less harmful substances.

The government has the responsibility to facilitate the shift to sustainable use of materia. Economic instruments such as taxes on waste and fees on mining will lead to better care of raw materials. Training and information campaigns must be used to pass the necessary information to the people. Negotiations and agreements with relevant key players can lead to effective results. When nothing else works strict regulations can be applied.

In construction the use of non-renewable materials can be reduced by first utilising the existing building stock more efficiently. In Helsinki area there are some 1,2 milloin m2 of empty industry, office and storage space in 1995. There are also some 400 000 summer houses which are empty most time of the year. Renting, sharing and leasing are some of the methods to put the stock into good use.

By locating the new developments in the vicinity of the old major savings can be achieved in the utilities construction. The durability of building elements can be improved by right selection of materials. Houses should be built preferable of wood rather than cement or steel. They should be made so that they can be repaired by pieces when necessary. Effective logistics and planning can reduce the waste of materials in the building site. The use of PVC should be abandoned. The main targets of the Sustainable Finland project are to have 10 % protected by creating migration belts for the vegetation zones and to transform the agriculture into organic production. Both of these require drastic measures.

At the moment only very small areas of land are protected in the southern Finland. The biggest protected areas are located in Lappland in tree less tundra. Most urgent task in creating the South-North migration belts is to keep the Finnish-Russian border forests intact. In Russian side there are several kilometre long old growth forest areas that were left in natural state by political reasons. Also in the Finnish sides the forest next to the border have been under less human intervention. This unique belt must be protected by joint efforts.

There is also a need to create a new green belt from the South-Western corner of Finland to the North. This has to be built around the few existing protected areas and national parks.

Financing for the forest protection can be generated by charging the sales of wood with a special protection fee. It has been proposed that FIM 1 would be levied on each m3 logged for industrial purposes. This together with other mechanisms would generate sufficient funding for purchasing areas for the core protected areas. Around them buffer zones with restricted logging can be created by legislation.

Transformation to organic farming can be done by redirecting the current agricultural subsidies. This requires changes both in national and EU-level decision making. If the Finnish population is to feed with food produced in the country nearly all the current arable land will be needed. Therefore there is not all that much potential for growing energy plants in the fields.

Also the consumers need to change their attitude towards price of the food. It is a serious problem that many people consider the price of the product as the main criteria. The demand for product that are good for the people and the environment must be generated by change in attitudes.

The ecological tax reform can also work for the benefit of organic farming. Fertilizers and pesticides should be taxed while the VAT should be lifted from food. This way the extra work needed in organic farming would not raise the prices of food.

3.4. Wood

There are two ways to fit the use of wood to the environmental space: to increase the space and to reduce the use of wood. Both strategies are feasible.

There are number of waste lands that can be reforested. These include old peat collection areas and carvel extraction sites. Also the areas beneath high voltage power lines could be utilized.

The target of paper use is a reduction from the current 200 kg to 100 by 2010. The reduction should start from discontinuing the use of disposable papers and other short lived products. Taxing junk mail and other advertisement would reduce paper use significantly. People should also subscribe to fewer magazines and read them in libraries instead. Also the use of construction and joinery wood should be reduced. There the effective use and avoidance of waste can bring best results. In good planning and communication waste in construction sites can be minimized.

There is a need for ecological tax reform also in the wood sector. If the other measures on energy tax and protection fee are implemented the price of paper will rise. This will encourage more thoughtful use of paper.

Also the use of computers and other electronic media will eventually lead to decreased use of paper. Improved user interfaces are making electronic information more attractive to ordinary users.

4. Obstacles for development towards sustainability

The slow actions to mitigate the climate change in Finland and elsewhere in industrial countries is clearly an obstacle to sustainability. Many decision makers probably do not really understand the risks involved in the enhanced greenhouse effect. And even those that understand lack the vision to change the destructive practices.

On the global application of the equity principle the modernization paradigm hinders its acceptance. Many people still think that the West/North serves as legitimate model for the rest of the World. These people fail to see that the sustainable lifestyle models can actually be found among the indigenous peoples of the most peripheral areas.

The old capitalists that rule the old industrial complexes are a major obstacle to sustainability. These people have used their life to maximising profits and reaping most out of the nature and the labourers. A change in the attitudes can hardly be expected.

Now also the industrial trade unions are speaking against environmental considerations. They have chosen to side with the owners of the companies they work in and are making statements against ecological tax reform and other positive changes.

The underlying problems is the faith that more money brings more happiness. Much of the argumentation against moves towards sustainability is based on concern for less economic growth. Too many people have it almost as a religious principle that economic growth should be the leading aim of each individual and every society. This myth lies at the root of the problems of the prevailing culture.

5. Conclusion

International cooperation is most necessary in the struggle for transformation to sustainable societies. Concerted action in most important issues and support to other countries with cross boundary dependencies can help to reach the target.

References

Energiatilastot 1994 (1995) Helsinki: Tilastokeskus.

Laine, Urho (1994) Luonnonvarojen käyttö Suomessa. VATT- keskustelualoitteita 64. Helsinki: Valtion taloudellinen tutkimuskeskus.

Metsäteollisuuden vuosikirja 95 (1995) Helsinki: Metsäteollisuus ry.

Sustainable Europe: Study (1995) London: Friends of the Earth.

Teollisuustilasto (1994) Helsinki: Tilastokeskus.

Ympäristötilasto (1994) Helsinki: Tilastokeskus.

Annex: List of participating persons

* Project coordinators
Lassi Salvi, Union of Alternative Trade Shops ja Marko Ulvi- la, Coalition for Environment and Development.

* Authors of the Study
Harri Ajomaa, Erja Heino, Suvi Holm, Ari Jokinen, Eija Koski, Marjukka Kulmanen, Jan Kunnas, Jyrki Luukkanen, Hannele Luukkainen, Lassi Salvi, Ilmari Schepel, Tatu Ulvila and Jarmo Vehmas.

* Steering Group
Ulrica Cronström, Natur och Miljö Kari Grönfors, Central Bureau os Statistics; Michael Lettenmeier, Lahti Local Agenda 21; Jussi Raumolin, University of Tampere; Sauli Rouhinen, Ministry of Environment; Tuula Varis, Finnish Association of Nature Conservation.

* Internships (January-March 1995)
Martina Gräsbeck, Reija Perttilä and Sven Schauman

Guest speakers in the national seminar in November 1995

    Day 1   Antti Kalliomäki, minister of industries
            Pentti Sierilä, Energy Union of Industries
            Jaakko Ojala, Ministry of Trade and Industries
            Mervi Salminen, Ministry of Trade and Industries
            Benny Hasenson, Central Union of Industries
            Jouko Paloniemi, Ministry of 
            Anna-Leena Simula, Union of Agricultural Producers
            Pertti Laine, Association of Forest Industries
            Kalle Laaksonen, Pellervo Research Insitute

    Day 2   Pekka Haavisto, minister of environment
            Stein Hanssen, Project Susutainable Economy, Norway
            Petri Vasara, Jaakko Päyry Consulting
            nn. Training Institute of Labour Unions

Mr. Jarmo Kalanti, Helsinki Nature Protection Association
Mr. Risto Kekkonen, Technology for the Service of Life
Mr. Sauli Rouhinen, Ministry of Environment
Mr. Sven Schauman, Swedish School of Economics
Ms. Ulrica Cronström, Nature and Environment
Ms. Virpi Sahi, Finnish Association of Nature Conservation
Ms. Tuula Varis, Finnish Association of Nature Conservation
Mr. Hannu Hyvönen, Forest campaigner